Quest for Identity in Maxine Hong Kingstons...

Quest for Identity in Maxine Hong Kingstons Autobiography, The Woman Warrior Maxine Hong Kingstons autobiography, The Woman Warrior, features a young Chinese-American constantly searching for an unusual bird that would serve as her impeccable guide on her quest for individuality (49). Instead of the flawless guide she seeks, Kingston develops under the influence of other teachers who either seem more fallible or less realistic. Dependent upon their guidance, she grows under the influence of American and Chinese schools and the role models of Brave Orchid, Fa Mu Lan, and Moon Orchid. Her education by these counselors consequently causes her to abandon her search for an escort, the bird to be found somewhere in the measureless sky,†¦show more content†¦The first response, Yes, I have . . . Thank you. signifies the conventional Chinese response, valuing politeness, displaying modesty and consideration of the other, saving face (Ling 147). However, Kingston wants to give the assimilated American response, valuing honesty and directness, frankly looking o ut for number one, and tinged with humor, and Kingston thinks to herself No, I havent. . . . Im starved. Do you have any cookies? I like chocolate chip cookies (Ling 147). As evidence of Kingstons indecisiveness, Ling clarifies Kingstons cultural disorientation perceptible in her word choice: The expressed fondness for chocolate chip cookies seems a playful and somewhat greedy response, which Im sure Kingston intended. Can it then be that Kingston is advocating Chinese politeness at the same time that she is complaining about it? Is she subverting American directness while seeming to embrace it? (Ling 147). At this point in her autobiography, Kingston remains disoriented about her position in the two enveloping cultures, and Ling suggests this idea by considering the significance of Kingstons two culturally different responses rather than only one- either American or Chinese. Another result of American integration and participation in American

Character Analysis Of Ernest HemingwaysThe Sun Also Rises

In his first novel, The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway displays the destructive lives of expatriate characters living in Paris during the 1920s through the eyes of narrator Jake Barnes. By creating characters with such strong personalities, Hemingway created a story that â€Å"is much more a novel of character than event [where] the action would seem empty were it not for the rich texture of personalities that interact throughout the book† (Nagel 90). One of the defining features of some of the protagonists is their uncertainty about who they are, and their quest to change and form their identity comes to a culmination when they decide to go to Spain to watch the annual bullfights at San Fermin. The careful boundaries that they constructed†¦show more content†¦Yet, at the same time, there is the symbolism of the steer in the bullfights. Similar to Jake, the steers are castrated and thus unable to propagate. As he tells Bill, the â€Å"steers [are] in the corral to receive [the bulls] and keep them from fighting, and the bulls tear in at the steers and the steers run around like old maids trying to quiet them down† (Hemingway 138). While the bulls serve as a reminder to Jake, the simultaneous presence of the steers in the corral implies that he can never truly move on in his life without his wound impacting his life. Using powerful imagery to describe the bulls, such as the comparison to old maids, could echo Jake’s possible worries that one day he, too, will be an old maid, with no family to support him and no path in life to follow. In the big scheme of the bullfight, the steers are unimportant and feminine, leading Jake to question himself. Does his injury mean he is a steer, or is he greater than his injury? For Jake to figure out who he is, the idea of the bullfight could with him, and it is possible that he returns on a yearly basis to work out his problems with his identity. To others, Jake’s dedication to the bullfight is evident. When Jake and Bill arrive at Pamplona, the hotelkeeper, Montoya, decides that Bill is â€Å"not aficionado like [Jake] is† (Hemingway 136). Going on to describe aficionado as â€Å"one who is passionate about the bull-fights†,

Investment And Conflict Of Romantic Relationships

Investment and Conflict in Romantic Relationships Com 620 Mark Pace and Bo Zhang Investment Model The theory of relationship investment is an effort to understand maintenance of ongoing relationships. This model is an expansion of Kelly and Thirbaut’s (1978) interdependence theory, which specifies that satisfaction is a function of the reward value of a relationship, relative to expectations, and that commitment stems from the superiority of a relationship, compared with viable alternatives. Interdependence assumes that we evaluate the rewards and costs of our own and our partner’s various behaviors in a relationship, and that both partner’s actions and preferences impact the nature of the relationship. Rusbult (1980) expanded interdependence theory to include that commitment was determined by satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investments with subcategories of intrinsic, and extrinsic. Intrinsic includes example ideas like emotion and time while extrinsic includes ideas like mutual friends and shared activities. Rustbult’ s ex pansion included the value of resources gained through involvement in a relationship and also resources devoted to developing the association. This model views the ending of a relationship as a loss of resources. Further research such as longitudinal studies on the topic of investment have only strengthened the theory (Bui, Peplau, Hill 1996). The investment model predicts that commitment should increase as the relationshipShow MoreRelatedThe Brain Is Wider Than The Sky1416 Words   |  6 Pagesfathom today. This mental state, depression has affected countless people throughout time. To get to our central point, depression causes deterioration in relationships, especially romantic ones. To understand how to mend relationships and build ourselves up as a community, we need to begin a discussion about depression within romantic relationships. 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Although narcissism tends to be looked down upon, studies have shown that there are positives associated with people who possess this trait, both in their personal lives and in romantic relationships. The purpose of this literature review is to study what is known about narcissism in relationships, the bright side of narcissists and how they can contribute to society, and topics for futureRead MoreThe Development Of The Pair Bond1513 Words   |  7 Pagesculture the relationship most often discussed when describing human interaction and that which is considered the most â€Å"ideal† or â€Å"normal† relationship (demonstrated by cultural morality and various forms of media) is that of the male-female couple. This pair-bonding is a phenomenon that exists to some degree in the natural world, but occurs most prominently in humans. The development of the pair-bond is one of the single most important aspects of human evolution, culture, and relationships as we understandRead MoreDivorce Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesmarriage, and more positive attitudes towards divorce. Hence, this negative attitude about marriage leads to decreased commitment in romantic relationships , which causes relationship quality to deteriorate. Divorce can also influence childrens sexual behavior, which can put their emotional and relational stability at risk. One effect of divorce on children’s future relationships is cohabitation. Children of divorced parents run the risk of having a positive attitude towards cohabitation and a cynical attitude

“Social Construction of Reality” Free Essays

â€Å"Social Construction of Reality† Reality is not an objective thing that is imposed upon us, but is created by us. Reality does not exist externally but internally, as each individual or group interprets it, and is always changing. Due to these concepts sociologists often speak about the â€Å"social construction of reality† which is essential to understand when attempting to explain human social behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Social Construction of Reality† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since realty is the basis of people’s actions, W. I. Thomas states, â€Å"If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences†. The â€Å"social construction of reality†, human social behavior and W. I. Thomas’s statement are three concepts that fit hand in hand and are important when trying to explain one another. Sociologists speak about the â€Å"social construction of reality† as a way to describe the significance of how society shapes our definition of reality. People coming together to build reality and define something as real because we define it as real. As sociologists explain the social construction of reality they have observed that each society or the social groups that each person belongs to forms ones particular views on life. Our â€Å"social construction of reality† constructs our views of how we see the world around us therefore affecting how we see reality and why we do the things we do. People construct reality using the five senses: sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste. For example, when taking a table into consideration, one does not react to the concrete object but the meaning we give it. If this same table were to fall out of the sky, land in a jungle and tribe people were to stumble across it they most likely would not use it in the same context but maybe as a bed or a sacrificial altar. The â€Å"social construction of reality† not only applies to inanimate objects but to relationships and the basis of how someone treats someone else, such as symbolic interactionism (Essentials of Sociology, pg. 15). Symbolic interactionism such as we attach meaning to things and this is how everyone understands similar views in the world and how we communicate with one another. This is evident when one dissects the idea of the enslavement of Africans, known as the â€Å"white mans burden†. Whites defined blacks as less than human, savages or creatures that could not survive off of their own minimal cognitive reasoning. This understanding was the basis of slavery. Another example is the idea of marriage and divorce, and how the institution is ever changing. Up until the early 1900’s marriage was viewed as a lifelong commitment, divorce was â€Å"taboo† and shunned as being immoral and the abandonment of adult responsibility. In 1945 sociologists Ernest Burgess and Harvey Locke noted that couples were looking at marriage as less of a lifelong commitment and more of an arrangement that was based on attraction and feelings, it became a situation that could be broken when feelings changed. Divorce became more common and was defined more positive as freedom and new beginnings (Essentials of Sociology, pg. 16). An example of another â€Å"reality† is how from person to person there is no true definition of success. The letter grade â€Å"B† brings on different emotions depending on the individual. One student would jump for joy to pass with the â€Å"B† while others would be sad, even cry. In actuality â€Å"B† is just a shape, a letter of the English alphabet, given on paper but what the person defines it as gives it meaning to their reality, and then forget about the â€Å"+† or â€Å"-â€Å" given accompanied with the letter grade. Our social construction of reality defines our behavior and how we respond to the meaning that we give these situations or objects. Human social behavior is what is based off of once a reality is socially constructed. This is why it is so important to first understand the concept of the â€Å"social construction of reality† before trying to explain why people act the way they do. Because this object with four legs attached to a flat surface is defined as a â€Å"table† one uses it to eat on or sit at and not other things such as sleep on. If an individual were to use it as something else they would be looked at as being weird because they are not doing what is socially accepted or viewed as â€Å"breaking the rules†. The concept of ethnocentrism is where a group of people tries to change another group of people to make them like them so they can â€Å"save† them for their own good. This is done because according to their social construction of reality however the opposing group behaves is â€Å"wrong†. This can be seen throughout history for example the crusades, as stated before the â€Å"white mans burden† in Africa, and the war in Iraq. During the days of slavery, treating a black individual maliciously was socially accepted because of the way reality was constructed. The changing attitudes toward marriage and divorce are evident when one looks at the trends. Marriage is not viewed the same as it was 100 years ago; it is not necessary to be married forming a family by age 15. This concept of social construction of reality also explains why patterns form and how people can develop similar behavior without having to know each other. On the streets of New York good sidewalk etiquette is defined as passing another person on the right, walking far enough not to brush the other person ,if one can help it, and ensuring not to look at the person when walking by. However, when any of these rules are broken it makes the other individual uneasy or even angry. But these unwritten rules aren’t necessarily the same in different parts of the world, for example in London it is socially correct that if you are walking towards and passing someone else that you part ways on the left side. Other areas where unwritten rules exist are in elevators, such as where and how to stand, and also seen in face-to-face conversations, such as eye contact and distance something known as â€Å"personal space†. Ones views for what is right from wrong also comes from the foundation on what one defines as real. W. I. Thomas’s quote, â€Å"If men define a situation as real, its real in its consequences† correlates directly to the idea that human social behavior is based off of the â€Å"social construction of reality†. Thomas is analyzing that reality is a social product that is construed by whatever we define as real. Humans do what they do and react solely by the meaning we give things and not the things in and of itself. This is why money, gold and diamonds are â€Å"valuable†. Money is simply made of paper but because it is defined as currency we make it out to be very valuable. To better understand this notion one can take note of our system of crime and punishment, which is based off of W. I. Thomas’s thoughts. When the jury makes a decision, they are deciding on what they perceive as reality. They do not know exactly what happened but from witnesses and evidence they make this judgment. W. I. Thomas’s idea is significant in the study of human social behavior because it further proves that human actions are based off of the reality that something is true. This is why what is defined as â€Å"normal† varies from culture to culture and the decided meaning to an object or action is arbitrary. The â€Å"social construction of reality†, human social behavior and W. I. Thomas’s quote, â€Å"If men define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences† are concepts that compliment one another. To be able to understand fully, one must be able to comprehend all concepts. When sociologists speak about the â€Å"social construction of reality† through the groups that we belong to we learn ways of looking at whatever happens to us and what we see because through social interaction is how we construct reality and from that point on is how we behave and respond. It’s not a question of which came first the chicken or the egg, because in the eyes of sociologists human social behavior is caused by the â€Å"social construction or reality† and W. I. Thomas’s statement is an abridgment of these concepts explaining men’s definitions of situations given the meaning of what is what or who is who. It doesn’t matter what is real or not, what does exist or not exist, because we give meaning or â€Å"consequences† to this reality that has been portrayed and instilled in our minds. References Henslin, J. M. 2011. Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach-9th edition. Pearson. How to cite â€Å"Social Construction of Reality†, Papers

Courtesy Key to a Happier World free essay sample

Every culture, society, individual and origination among the world has its own courtesy as a sign of respect and civility. The courtesy shows the politeness, attitude and behavior to others, although it may be varied among societies and individuals. In every society, the courtesy has its own golden rule that people try to live by. The courtesy is positively influenced by the religion, culture and civilization. In most of the Arab culture, the golden rule of the courtesy is the generosity. The Arab culture is considered one of the most hospitable cultures in the world. The Arab culture guests always experience generosity, hospitality and friendship. The Arab’s generosity is inherited from one generation to another regardless the time, place and religion. In pre-Islamic phase, there was a famous and generous man called Hatem Al-Taeei. He was a Christian and known by his extreme generosity that made him well known in Arab society up to date. We will write a custom essay sample on Courtesy: Key to a Happier World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is a saying in Arabic More generous than Hatem that represent how generous the person is. One of the stories that made him so famous in generosity, he sacrificed his favorite and only horse for his guests, as he had nothing to serve them. Another example of the Arab’s generosity is during the early Islamic phase when the Holy Prophet Mohammad (S) established brotherhood among the Muslims. These Muslims had left all their wealth and possessions in Makka to come with the Holy Prophet (S) to Madina. They had no wealth or property. The other Muslims in Madina gave over one half of their wealth to their new brothers so that they could live comfortably in Madina. On the other hand, Islam is promoting the generosity and there are a lot of sayings support the generosity. People are applying the generosity as rule in their daily live. They were inspired by the good stories in the past and by the current Islamic rules as well. In conclusion, the generosity of the Arab’s societies is not changed by time, place or religion. It is applied by all generation in pre-Islamic, early Islamic phase and now days. In Arab’s society, people try to be generous as they could even if the price is too high.

Katz Mintzberg free essay sample

It will compare, and identify the manager’s work with the human skills theory of Katz, and distinguish any relevant features detailed in Mintzberg’s management roles. Relevant material from Fayol and Taylor has also been considered, and related back to the manager’s work. Research was collected via an interview with Peter NiewandGeneral Part’s managerof a privately owned truck dealership ¬Ã‚ ¬, Isuzu. Peter Niewand has been a manager for over 20 years, and has aided in the expansion of this company, directly responsible for the establishment of three, highly successful service centres throughout Brisbane. Isuzu is a local, Australian-based organisation, and is well known within the service industry. Katz’s human skills Robert L. Katz identified three essential skills that managers require for success: technical, human, and conceptual (Robbins et al, 2006). The degree, to which these skills are used, would depend upon the management level. Top-level management place emphasis on conceptual skills, as they have to understand and develop ideas, be creative in solving problems, and have the ability to handle intellectual relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Katz Mintzberg or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lower level managers mainly concentrate on technical skills, requiring knowledge and understanding of particular skills, techniques, and tools of a particular area. Middle level managers require both conceptual and technical skills, as they need to comprehend the functions of top level, and first level managers. Solid human skills are pivotal in all levels of management, as the ability to interact effectively with people is of the upmost importance; enabling you to enjoy full participation from all involved (Robbins et al. 2006). Niewand’s management functions reflect the ideas of Katz, displaying a high, and important usage of human skills. Considerable time is spent ensuring that all team members have the capacity to communicate well, which enables the channels for important feedback, on all aspects of the business, to remain open. He argues that a manger needs his people to place their trust in him, and the way to obtain trust is to be consistent, and act with integrity. Niewand states that although his position involves many facets, with ample reports to sift through, he would never lose sight of his staff, or their needs; ensuring support and respect within their agreed roles, through the ready application of advice and assistance. Mentoring is considered a critical factor to help aid the motivation of staff, keeping them focused and enthusiastic, while obtaining a mutual respect. Mintzberg’s managerial roles Investigations by another notable researcher, Henri Mintzberg, led to the identification of ten interconnected, managerial roles, which are used during the daily functions of a manager (Robbins, et al. , 2006). Mintzberg categorised these roles into three main groups: interpersonal, informational, and decisional, and has been praised for the practicality of his approach in describing the work of a manager (Carroll Gillen, 1987). This is evident when comparing Mintzberg’s theories to the following work produced by the manager, Niewand. The Interpersonal group contained three roles: figurehead, leader, and liaison. Niewand displays a limited involvement as a figurehead, referring issues at hand to his legal department, and only taking actions as instructed. Moderate participation within a liaison role is evident, with Niewand carrying out routine meetings, updates, and informational discussions, in relation to the industry and it’s competitors. The leadership role is reflected the most in Niewand’s work, as he is consistently maintaining a mentoring presence, ensuring his staff remain focused and committed. Mintzberg described three roles within the informational group: monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. Once again, these roles are comparable in some measure, to the work functions of Niewand. A considerable amount of time is spent being a monitor, through routine, monthly account meetings with owners, weekly manager meetings, and financial reporting on all departments; offering an abundant amount of information for processing and actioning. The role of disseminator is acted out moderately, passing information on to others, at a need to know only basis. The spokesperson role rates highly, as Niewand, and others in the company, would give information and â€Å"sell the company as a package† to everyone they come into contact with. Mintzberg allocated four roles under the decisional group: entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. Once again, the findings from the interview with Niewand hold relevance within Mintzberg’s management roles. Entrepreneur is played out in a moderate fashion, with Niewand on the constant look out for ways of streamlining the operation, making it more efficient, and remaining effective. The need for a disturbance handler appears to be of a constant, where all managers collaborate as a group and work together, resolving issues that threaten to have an impact on the company. The role of resource allocator spends a moderate amount of time, although it is restricted directly to Niewand’s department. Negotiator role appears to be an important one, as it requires a great deal of detail and effort. Niewand’s involvement in important tenders with clients is of the upmost importance, displaying a show of unity to the customers, and trying to deliver extra services that may have been outside of the tender. As indicated by Mintzberg, the respective importance of each role, and the overall responsibility of managers, will differ according to the type of job and management level that they are working at (Carroll Gillen, 1987). Management approaches from other theorists Niewand displayed the characteristics of another famous theorist, Henri Fayol. Mintzberg, and others, have criticised the work of Fayol, stating it to be outdated, and not relevant to modern day management (Lamond, 1998). Fayol’s functions have survived the harsh criticisms, still being published and presented as sound theory, many believe these functions ‘still represent the most useful way of conceptualising the manager’s job’ (Carroll Gillen, 1937:38, as cited in Lamond, 1998). Fayol originally presented five functions, that were to cover all aspects of the work performed by managers: planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling; these have been refined down to four fundamental functions: planning, organising, leading, and controlling (Robins et al. , 2006). The planning function in Niewand’s work, involved the careful, and detailed drafting, of business plans; organising function included reviewing of resources, and setting goals for each employee; leading was established by hands on mentoring, until desired commitment was reached; and controlling was achieved through monitoring, and acting, on numerous reports and meetings. These functions appeared to be of equal, and major, importance in the structure of Niewand’s work. Frederick W. Taylor was another pioneer, who had great input into scientific management. Through first hand experience, he recognized the need for managers to initiate new systems, start designing jobs, and creating conditions, that would overcome the inferior work carried out by insecure, and self interested workers of the time (Wren, 1994). Taylor put forward a new system, which consisted of three sections: (1) observation and analysis through time study to set the rate, or standard; (2) a differential rate system of piecework; and (3) paying the performance of workers, not the positions. Detailed observations were made on how the best workers performed their work, and the time it was achieved. Using this data, a standard would be set, and then payment of wages was to reflect the quality of work performed. Niewand exhibits certain aspects of Taylor’s system by setting goals, and challenges for his employees, assisting them to achieve their full potential. His hands mentoring enables set standards to be met, and employees are then able to enjoy the appropriate rewards. In conclusion, evaluation of Niewand’s work indicates certain consistencies with Katz, Mintzberg, Fayol, and Taylor. The human skill set of Katz is being displayed, with Niewand concentrating on effective communication throughout the company, acting with integrity and consistency to gain trust, and mentoring his people closely, to achieve the personal goals of the employees, and of the organisation. Mintzberg’s managerial roles, all show varying degrees of relevance to Niewand’s work, with the decisional group displaying as the most relevant. Comparisons were also evident with Fayol, as Niewand’s work substantially consists of the four functions: planning, organising, leading, and controlling. The system approach of Taylor is also exhibited, with the continual setting of standards, and goals, for the employees to reach, and then rewarded. Evidence supports that management of today is comparable to the different management theories of the past, all are significant, and all interrelate with each other.

Sample Proposal For Senior Essay in Archaeology

Sample Proposal For Senior Essay in ArchaeologyWriting a sample proposal for a senior essay in archaeology is not difficult. As with any other profession, writing the proposal must be written in such a way that it sets out the essential points of the project. The proposal can serve as a guide to help the project team to work toward the objective. For that reason, here are some sample proposals for senior essay in archaeology.If you do not know much about archaeology, make sure to begin with a project proposal. This is an easy document to write and is a good base for the rest of the proposals. It can provide a good starting point. In addition, it is a document that is helpful to your professor and supervisor. Use it as a springboard to get the project underway.After the project is completed, set out a paper, which is, basically, a summary of the project. A project plan is usually included in a proposal. Some projects have special conditions or will have a period of review.The proposal must also contain a section that explains the funding and support for the project. There is more than one type of funding, and it will be necessary to identify this. The proposal will include a detailed description of the purpose for the project and how it will be implemented. The document will describe how the funding will be used.A short synopsis of the findings will be part of the proposal. For example, a summary of what was found might include: findings from drilling; an inventory of artifacts; findings from the examination of soil; and analyses of soil, air, and water. The project will be handled in a way that meets the goals of the project. The summary should also include information about the scientific method that was used, whether samples were taken from soil and water, the control samples, and the field efforts, if any.References will be used in the proposal. The references will be used for supporting evidence. This means that the references may be the people who actually conducted the excavation or studies that are mentioned in the outline. These references may be people who performed archaeological surveys or they may be people who worked on a previous project that was similar to the current one.The sample proposal for a senior essay in archaeology includes the following sections. The first section describes the project; the second section contains the timeline; the third section contains the details of the funding; the fourth section contains the details of the conditions that will apply to the project; the fifth section describes the field methods; the sixth section describes the evaluation of the project; the seventh section discusses the references; and the eighth section presents a summary of the project. For a senior project, it will be necessary to meet the minimum criteria set by the project team. After that, the project will proceed. In some cases, the team will conduct a final evaluation of the project.This proposal is an easy to write a nd includes some of the basic points of the project. It should not be too long, but the document should be clear and concise. Always keep the purpose of the project in mind and stick to the schedule.